We interpret our results as indicating that this type of complex intervention with high cognitive overhead may require more instructional "dosage" than short duration provided in the present intervention.
This is not unexpected given that participants are told during the informed consent process to expect the pain that they experience to be of short duration and instructional set regarding what to expect after a procedure has been demonstrated to influence the outcome after that procedure [ 54].
Future research is encouraged that explores the effects of prequestions under conditions of varying presentation durations, different instructional approaches, and individual student differences.
Götzl, Jahn, and Held (2013, p. 13) observed 125 accounting lessons and analysed them with regard to the average duration of different instructional phases.
We also investigated whether patterns of attention allocation changed as a function of student characteristics (gender, grade-level, SES), teachers' instructional design choices (instructional format and duration of an instructional activity), and school type (private, parochial, public charter schools) [Studies 1 & 2].
Some evidence is found of the influence of the duration and nature of instructional development on its impact.
Further research is needed to determine the degree, duration of, and type of instructional intervention necessary to substantially impact multi-dimensional, deep-rooted motivational constructs, such as self-efficacy.
However, most of these games have been developed more for professional trainings than taking into consideration typical restrictions of university courses (such as, class duration and low financial resources for instructional materials).
Stimuli were shown in blocks of 21 seconds duration, each introduced by 3 seconds of instructional text.
Individual teachers decided the specific number (minimum six, one for each set) and duration of explicit sessions to fit with other instructional demands.
