Exact(7)
A single instruction trial was sufficient to establish the advantage over trial-and-error learning but repeated instructions were better.
The same effect appears when a CS response always occurred in the instruction trial.
A '1-0' pair, for example, meant that the instruction trial contained a CS response to the instruction and the test trial did not.
We tagged the trial-over-trial difference in firing rate for each pair according to whether or not the instruction trial contained a CS response to the instruction.
However, the existence of 'same-trial facilitation' means that trial-over-trial depression could appear simply because of elevated simple-spike firing rate on the instruction trial, but not on the test trial.
We can see the effect of same-trial facilitation by comparing pairs of trials that had the same CS response on the instruction trial, to hold trial-over-trial plasticity constant, but different CS responses on the test trial.
Similar(53)
Detection rates are 32% higher during valid shift instruction trials than during invalid shift instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.000076) and 25% higher during valid stay instruction trials than during invalid stay instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.000218).
Reaction times are on average 137 ms shorter during valid shift instruction trials than during invalid shift instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.0076) and 127 ms shorter during valid stay instruction trials than during invalid stay instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.0049).
Indeed, detection performance is 32% higher during valid shift instruction trials than during invalid shift instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.000093) and 31% higher during valid stay instruction trials than during invalid stay instruction trials (Duncan post-hoc test, p = 0.00092).
The average time that participants took to make up their minds on self-generated trials was 1181 ± 128 ms, compared with 979 ± 62 ms for reading the instructions on the externally instructed trials (Fig. 2 B ).
Given 3501's express designation of voluntariness as the touchstone of admissibility, its omission of any warning requirement and the instruction for trial courts to consider a nonexclusive list of factors relevant to the circumstances of a confession, we agree with the Court of Appeals that Congress intended by its enactment to overrule Miranda.
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