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When the bMCU test is applied only once and no comparisons over time are intended (which is probably most often the case when the test is used in physics instruction), item 2 is valuable because it provides further information about the students' conceptual understanding.
For each instruction, item and response category, all difficulties and suggestions for changes, were gathered in a summary grid and analyzed to produce the final versions.
The NPV consists of 132 item plus one instruction item with scores on a 3 point Likert scale; yes, no or unknown.
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****Structured probing in SQ interviews was described by Levashina [ 27]. ✓ Detailed instruction items.
Student responses to items in Factor 7 initiative confirm this assertion as only 22.9%% of students indicated that try to do things in their own way without following instructions (item 14).
The cognitive interviews confirmed that the instructions, item content, and response scales were understood by the patients.
Operational equivalence requires the same survey administration methods in both cultures: mode of administration, questionnaire format, reading level, instructions, item format and respondent burden.
Different profiles were completed including the instructions, item content and options and rationale for their choices to solve any uncertainties or challenging phrases.
Finally, patients were asked about meaning, relevance, and clarity of the original SCOPA-DC, including the instructions, item content, and response options.
Patients understood the NVSA© instructions, items, and response scales.
The use of "text" instead of "item wording" is preferred, since TA is performed on all the components of a PRO measure (title, instructions, items, and response categories).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com