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At junior secondary level, most of the instruction focuses on grammar and vocabulary learning, similar to what You (2004) found at the tertiary level.
Adaptive instruction focuses on textual presentation and support services that adapt to meet the needs of the user in the best way possible; however, even within this meaning the term often describes at least two different instructional service strategies: strategies that are homeostatic and those that are truly adaptive in the same sense that control systems engineers use the term.
While in economic games the sharing purpose is made explicit, here the instruction focuses on the rules of the game and emphasize that the goal is to reach the treasure in a limited time while having to overcome certain obstacles.
This result for regular biology teachers is not unexpected, given that their classroom instruction focuses on the essential components of the process and not on the details.
For example, if instruction focuses on the founder effect, students may extrapolate that genetic drift only occurs when individuals move from one location to another or when a subset of a population is isolated from the larger population.
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Should instruction focus on how to think scientifically, how to carry out experiments, how to examine data or how to come up with new questions?
Ms. Bravo said her goal was to strike a balance between functional and academic instruction, focusing on what is really important: the skills that Donovan will need to help communicate to caregivers in the years ahead.
Other intervention studies involving listening strategy instruction focused on learners' development in strategies.
A part of the sample (n = 58) received 18 lessons of introductory Newtonian mechanics instruction focusing on the conveyance of conceptual understanding.
We saw significant differences in beliefs about common ancestry after instruction focused on (a) how to interpret phylogenetic trees and (b) how trees depicted common ancestry.
A notable exception is Robbins and Roy (2007), who found significant changes in evolution acceptance instruction focused on evolution misconceptions and the evidence for evolution.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com