However, in a study comparing breast cancer patients who had equivalent stage disease and were treated uniformly in a single institution, race did not influence outcome (Heimann et al, 1997).
Even if you strip out the issue of selective admissions, faith schools and the private sector, you can still see children sorted into different institutions by race, class and ethnicity in otherwise mixed communities.
Manning Marable, a leading scholar of black history and a leftist critic of American social institutions and race relations, whose long-awaited biography of Malcolm X, more than a decade in the writing, is scheduled to be published on Monday, died on Friday in Manhattan.
In late 1971 the FBI distributed lists of the ransom serial numbers to financial institutions, casinos, race tracks, and other businesses routinely conducting significant cash transactions, and to law enforcement agencies around the world.
The proposed constitutional amendment by Sen. Ed Hernandez (D-West Covina) would have removed references to higher education from Proposition 209, an initiative passed by voters in 1996 that bans consideration by government institutions of race, ethnicity and sex in hiring, school admissions and contracting.
"When you begin to use the language of 'racial' identification... it no longer becomes a question of how you identify for yourself, but implicates broader institutions where race and ethnicity have consequences in terms of laws and policies," de Guzman said.
But after the bankruptcy last month of MF Global, spurred by its exposure to $6.3 billion of European debt, other institutions have raced to purge their portfolios of similar investments.
Violence insinuated itself into the heart of the country's institutions, into each race's loyalty to its own.
Since the 1970s, the Supreme Court has restricted the approaches available to remedy racial disparities, but has left room for institutions to consider race in achieving certain broader aims.
In Fisher v. the University of Texas, the Supreme Court, too, endorsed race-neutral processes aimed at promoting educational diversity and, on throwing the case back to lower courts, challenged public institutions to justify race as a factor in the holistic process.
