This paper applies an analytical framework focused on adaptation, institutions, and livelihoods to study climate adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands.
In terms of increasing vulnerability, when sedentarisation has been led by the state or forced upon pastoralists through land grabbing or drought, this has reduced land rights, eroded customary institutions and harmed livelihoods (López-i-Gelats et al. 2016; Schmidt and Pearson 2016).
Our fieldwork and interviews in Ambovombe subprefecture in Androy addressed land use, agropastoralism, livelihood, institutions and their moral basis.
The analysis explores local responses to climate shocks, food security and poverty reduction, through informal institutions, forms of livelihood diversification and collective land-use systems that allow reciprocity, flexibility and the ability to buffer shocks.
As such, institutions that support ecosystem services can be used as tools to help protect ecosystems and improve rural livelihoods by allowing smallholder farmers to generate income through providing valuable public goods.
No matter how much bureaucratic institutions may dominate the livelihoods of most Americans, you may not wish to see their inner workings in your spare time.
Overall, the paper demonstrates that the project contributes to transforming local livelihoods and institutions, unfortunately not always as originally designed.
In many countries in Africa, these pressures are compounded by disruption to institutions and variability in livelihoods and income.
Therefore, we seek to of families, communities and institutions to protect people and their livelihoods, through measures to avoid (prevention) or limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse effects of hazards and to provide timely and reliable hazard forecasts.
The erosion of institutions, population displacement, and the loss of livelihoods in ongoing conflicts in Somalia, South Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Niger, and Mali, for example, all exacerbated the disasters that did occur.
