Racism is manifested by undesirable views against a different race, such as African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans or even a different religion like Islam, that affirm and institutionalize the position and privilege of the dominant group.
Regulations and policies often institutionalize this positioning, reflected in a story told by a rancher to students on a field trip in 2009: The wildlife biologist brought what looked like a shoebox filled with tiger salamanders out to my ranch for relocation.
If the CHRO position is institutionalized within an organization or industry, the presence of a CHRO is also more probable, which supports hypotheses 6 and 7 (models 3 and 5), although with low significance.
However, this requires a process that carves out new spaces for exploring divergent problem definitions and supports the participants in challenging institutionalized inequalities within their positioned realities.
One of the ways that powerful states dominate weak states is by "entrenching and institutionalizing" their dominant position through unfair international social structures in areas such as trade (2010, 57).
Considering this, we formulate the following hypothesis: The likelihood of CHRO presence on a TMT is higher if the position has been institutionalized in the firm.
Applying this to the presence of a CHRO, we formulate the following hypothesis: The likelihood of CHRO presence on a TMT is higher if the position has been institutionalized within the industry.
It also raises the question, however, of how the collaborative efforts described can be institutionalized, such that turnover in key positions does not undermine the success achieved.
It is especially important that these concepts be institutionalized among those serving in leadership positions, including officers, noncommissioned officers, and civilians.
In their view, it has become institutionalized.
