Problem behavior is the most important risk factor for caregiver burden and is a strong predictor of institutionalization [ 10- 12] but is also an important starting point for interventions [ 13].
For the purpose of this paper, the concept of institutionalization described by Erving Goffman in 1961 [ 1] was selected as the starting point to the diverse and extensive literature because Goffman's definition of psychiatric hospitals as 'total institutions' was influential and still remains strongly in the minds of sociologists, psychiatrists, and service user advocates [ 15].
Our starting point is an investment in women's studies as an (inter) discipline with a distinctive and fraught relationship to institutionalization's pleasures, pains, pulls, and perils.
However, we also show that the decline starts even earlier, reflecting a process of institutionalization of de facto disfranchisement and thus supporting the fait accompli hypothesis advanced by Key (1949).
In this conceptual review, we neither started with an overarching theory nor developed one, but showed how institutionalization is understood in the field of psychiatry.
Others have the presence of people who have lost everything, perhaps aristocrats whose fortunes have vanished many generations ago or people who started with little, have less than nothing left and are in need of institutionalization. Above all else, Pittman's individuals are empathetic.
One major policy initiative includes increasing institutionalization of deliveries facilitated through the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) program a national conditional cash transfer scheme started in 2005 that provides eligible women with cash incentives for giving births in an institution.
Homelessness exploded in San Francisco in the early 1980s, through a confluence of factors including the de-institutionalization of mental health services, the destruction of public housing under urban renewal, the erosion of federal funding for low-income housing during the Reagan administration and escalating rents as the city started grow its population again for the first time in 30 years.
It strives to end systemic racism and condemns institutionalization of discriminatory laws; to respect our workers by increasing the federal minimum wage and promoting a living wage; to put a stop to mass incarceration and to start investing in communities over prisons; to halt bad trade deals like the Trans-Pacific Partnership, to name a few.
Academic creative-writing programs are, as McGurl puts it, examples of "the institutionalization of anti-institutionality".
