They were right to do so, and there are still many institutional and human hazards that need shifting.
In their research on standardisation of the U.S. VAL system, Fearnley et al. ([2012]) highlighted the importance of the local context, particularly for variances in hazards, institutional practices, and social settings.
There is the risk that councils with high staff turnover could lose institutional knowledge regarding natural hazards, which could result in natural hazards not being given the attention needed in the land use planning process.
In this context, it is no surprise that seemingly the institutional arrangements for natural hazard management are formed along similar lines.
The results of these institutional efforts have improved hazard awareness and disaster preparedness, as demonstrated below in the response to Tropical Depression 12E in 2011.
The public nature of commercial and institutional buildings and the hazards of industrial buildings generally require that they be of noncombustible construction, and this largely excludes the use of light timber frames.
This has led to a widely criticized "moral hazard," enabling rich institutional investors to make loans with little risk.
Today all researchers receiving federal funds must follow accepted ethical guidelines, all patients must be fully informed of the hazards, and special institutional review boards at hospitals and medical schools must approve and monitor the experiments.
The Report has advised that Viet Nam should develop a more comprehensive legal framework and enhance the institutional capacity for disaster risk management in order to deal with not only natural hazards but also emerging risks.
They are also clear indicators that risk assessments, warning systems, legislation, and institutional and technical capacities that focus on physical hazard processes without addressing social vulnerability and resilience are incomplete and insufficient.
