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The first concept of a governance structure is an explanatory one; it characterizes the mechanisms of social governance in terms of the degree of institutional differentiation and the mechanism of bureaucratic control within these institutions.
Since the 1990s international trends in higher education include rapid growth of private institutions, closer ties to the marketplace (such as corporate sponsorship of university research), and institutional differentiation (such as specialization in particular subject areas or occupations).
One of the aims of this early institutional differentiation is the creation of homogeneous learning environments.
The early institutional differentiation, either by different school-types or by streams within undifferentiated secondary schools, is related to curricular differentiation between the students.
However, only by linking the TALIS and PISA surveys can researchers fully model the relations between institutional differentiation, disciplinary climate, and student learning.
A crude taxonomy of governance structures might distinguish them along two dimensions: the degree of institutional differentiation in the structure and the mechanism of internal, "bureaucratic" control.
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They make no differentiation between 'Institutional art', Street Art, temporary art or graffiti (that's the interesting bit, given that not all graffiti is very artistic).
A strict differentiation between institutional costs and implementation costs is very difficult to achieve, since in some stages costs could be assigned either to implementation or institutional costs.
The challenge is to create a level competitive field for all technologies accounting for the distinct institutional advantages their spatial differentiation may provide.
Jessop argues that post-Fordism has intensified societal complexity because of a greater differentiation of institutional orders and a widening and deepening of systemic interdependencies across various social, spatial, and temporal horizons of action and time-space scales (Jessop 1994).
They reject the idea that patterns of rule can be properly understood in terms of a historical or social logic attached to capitalist development, functional differentiation, or even institutional settings.
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