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Likewise, the DAT1 genotype moderates the correlation between the risk for ADHD and early childhood adversity (institutional deprivation) [21].
Again, an explanation might be found in the large differences in family adversity measures, which ranges from parental expressed criticism, and global institutional deprivation, to family closeness.
These are maltreated or neglected children, and/or children in foster care, adopted children, and/or children who experienced early institutional deprivation as for example the Romanian children [ 22, 23].
Children who experience adverse care in their early years such as maltreatment, neglect or institutional deprivation have an increased risk of developing attachment, behavioural and mental health disorders [ 1– 3].
Probably the strongest analogue in the human or clinical literature are findings on social, cognitive, and behavioral disturbances in children who experienced early institutional deprivation but were later adopted into normal/low risk family environments.
45 The strongest evidence relates to the links between ADHD/ADHD-like behaviours and relatively rare extreme adversities, specifically extreme prematurity, very low birth weight, foetal alcohol syndrome and a pattern of behaviours associated with institutional deprivation in the early years.
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It was also stated that in relation to institutional care, "parental deprivation" would have been more accurate, although Ainsworth preferred the terms "insufficiency", "discontinuity" and "distortion" to either.
This report — entitled "Surviving Hell: Testimonies of Victims on Places of Illegal Detention in Donbas" — follows other dossiers that have detailed a catalogue of institutional torture: sleep deprivation, beatings, sexual violence, mock executions, amongst other horrors.
Rutter highlighted the other forms of deprivation found in institutional care and the complexity of separation distress; and suggested that anti-social behaviour was not linked to maternal deprivation as such but to family discord.
Sleep deprivation: a call for institutional rules.
Neurobiologists have warned institutional and academic leaders that sleep deprivation and its consequences are particularly difficult for older individuals.
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