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International organizations such as the WHO and institutions in the 'emerging economies' (such as University of São Paulo) also appear in the productive groups, which reflects that HSR has attracted global attention (Table 4 .As in the case with countries/territories, institutions are considered as central participators in institutional collaborations' networks.
Institutional collaborations became increasingly prevalent over time and the 15 most productive institutions of USA tended to collaborate more with each other.
The persistence of a moral economy that encourages reciprocal sharing of material and data outside formal institutional collaborations could in theory pose a challenge to the security required by industrial collaborators.
This paper explores recent trends in the size of scientific teams and in institutional collaborations.
Alongside ad hoc institutional collaborations retaining a hybrid and semi-open nature, as epitomised by the aforementioned Rice Genome Sequencing project, regulatory provisos allowing for the development of the increasingly crucial molecular research tools can be found within the IP paradigm, more specifically in the recognition of a broad research exception in patent protection.
For original research papers (n = 822) details of the author number, institutional collaborations and additional/co-funders were abstracted systematically and the journal impact factor of the featuring journal at the time of publication derived.
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Here children reported that parents relied on institutional collaboration (where they appealed to other social institutions such as the police, teachers/schools, churches/religious leaders) to help regulate the sexual behaviour of adolescents: "Some parent may report to teachers.
We argue the need not only to scale-up from the grassroots, but to also scale-down from the global institution, and to scale-across both vertical and horizontal lines of institutional collaboration so as to enhance the potency of the cooperative effort it will take to secure lands and livelihoods affected by soil erosion.
"It's sort of sociology experiment for institutional collaboration," he says.
Publication percentages and mean impact factors were calculated for institutional collaboration type, radiology subspecialty, modality and study design.
Biology in itself has become 'big science' (Vermeulen et al. 2013), with institutional collaboration and geographically distributed forms of endeavours.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com