The findings here also suggest that it is necessary to improve on the existing institutions of land acquisition and implement a more people-oriented urbanization policy.
Even after the post-colonial periods, most African states have followed the Western model of modernization through the commercialization of agriculture characterized by the shift from subsistence to commercial farming, from pastoral communal ownership to privatization of pastoral land and from pastoral traditional institutions of land management to seemingly modern ones (ibid).
That, the Narodniki argued, would not apply to Russia, where peasant life was based on the traditional institution of communal land tenure, the mir.
Education was further restricted, the work of the zemstvos was hampered, and the village communes were brought under closer control in 1889 by the institution of the "land commandant" (zemsky nachalnik)—an official appointed by the Ministry of the Interior, usually a former officer or a local landowner, who interfered in all aspects of peasant affairs.
IN the Western study of medieval Islamic history, the institution of iqta — land grants from the sovereign to his soldiers — once loomed large, because scholars searched for reasons behind the Muslim failure to develop feudalism, and with it the contractual relationships that eventually led to constitutional government.
In this endeavor, the king was following a general strategy of establishing Catholic institutions on land he had recently won in battle from the Moors of Iberia.
Beside the formal institutional framework of land consolidation, informal institutions can have a substantial influence on the implementation of land consolidation.
Success in this area would require the recognition of existing informal institutions, the decentralisation of land management responsibilities and the extension of current urban planning legislation to cover such situations.
"The challenges for countries at all stages of urbanisation is strengthening institutions for land management … Financing should be city leaders' last concern rather than their first".
Lincoln Center has become a lesson in both the potential and pitfalls of concentrating many different institutions on one piece of land.
