By 2013, the decision had been made to institute fees of about twenty thousand dollars per year, characterizing that sum as half of the value of the free tuition previously granted to all.
Because of their immense environmental impact, several countries have begun to institute fees at the register for consumers who choose to use them, or ban the bags altogether, with some local US governments following suit.
Of course, the flip side is that airlines have been instituting fees for checked baggage -- Virgin America included ($15 a bag).
The sites have different business models: Sportsline charged nothing last year, but instituted fees this year, joining ESPN.com, which charges for its games.
Taiwan, Israel and Germany, to name a few, have all instituted fees or taxes, while Bhutan, Eritrea and Western Samoa have joined the ban camp, which France will join next year.San Francisco was the first big city in America to enact a ban, in 2007.
Irrespective of these dynamics, both have recently instituted fee increases.
In many cases healthcare institutions have instituted user fees to help recoup the costs of providing services, but such fees disproportionately affect women, children, and the poor, with adverse health consequences [ 134- 137].
Beginning Jan . 1 a number of big airlines will institute $100 fees for passengers who want to stand by for a different flight.
Todd Maclin, the bank's consumer banking head, said earlier in a presentation that he would celebrate if JPMorgan Chase could institute higher fees, but that it was impossible to do so given the likelihood of a customer uproar.
JetBlue has not had to institute such fees because most of its tickets are sold online, compared with about 25% for most of the major carriers.
Only later, when agencies had come to depend upon CRSs, and thus when airlines had become dependent upon CRSs as well, did Sabre and Apollo institute high fees for reservations, ticketing, and other services they provided to the airlines.
