The data imply that spontaneous DSBs/DSEs instigate stress-induced mutagenesis in the chromosome normally, and do so similarly as at I- SceI cuts 11.
It has also been documented that NPs can instigate oxidative stress and cellular toxicity in various types of cells [8], [19].
We further asked whether AβOs would instigate oxidative stress in primary hypothalamic neurons in culture, as previously shown in hippocampal neurons (De Felice et al, 2007) and in a hypothalamic cell line (Gomes et al, 2014).
Although the pathways that instigate oxidative stress in ALS have not been elucidated, it has been postulated that the close relationship of SOD1 to mitochondrial function influences the generation of reactive oxygen species (Valentine et al., 2005; Vehvilainen et al., 2014).
In conclusion, our finding that expression of YFP in neurons instigates cell stress pathways means that fluorescent protein expressed in neurons from thy1-YFP mice is not biologically inert.
This suggests that airway infection and inflammation and not the presence of mutant CFTR instigate an ER stress response [20,21].
Conversely, severe human sepsis is known to instigate a hypermetabolic stress response, which includes hyperglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance [ 30].
Fractal structures and, more generally, natural patterns and shapes instigate a reduction of stress levels due to the stimulation of μ-opioid receptors, which are responsible for pleasure (Biederman and Vessel 2006).
How cells with a nonfunctional mitochondria-mediated death pathway instigate death upon sustained stress is still a matter of debate with several studies implicating autophagy and autophagy-mediated cell death.
The thermal stress mismatch instigated through the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between discrete YSZ and LaMgAl11O19 layers led to the failure of the as-sprayed DC-TBC.
Generally, apoptosis may be instigated intracellularly by cytotoxic stress, possibly due to free radicals or calcium influx [ 11] which cause mitochondrial changes that eventually also lead to caspase activation.
