Mark Harper, a cabinet-office minister, hinted on June 16th that IPSA would contemplate a direct-payment system, giving MPs a kind of expenses credit card instead of reimbursing them retrospectively.
20 Recall bias of symptoms can be minimised by using EMA diary methods with short-time frames instead of asking participants to retrospectively report (the usual frequency of) symptoms over a prolonged period.
Instead of measuring patients' adherence retrospectively [ 23] we have sought to track the sense-making practices by which the participants invoke non-compliance as an explanatory category in order to account for reported medication-related problems.
In an independent examination of the DCCT/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) data, Kilpatrick et al estimated eGDR retrospectively (using BMI data instead of WHR) as a predictor of CVD events.
Sørensen and Kemp, instead, analyzed retrospectively 33 patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration which presented an increase of mean BCVA from logMAR 1.3 (range 1.1 2) to 1.0 (range 0.3 2) following treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab [ 19].
While our findings are encouraging, the dataset presently studied has limitations, such as a limited sample size and outcome classifications that were retrospectively extracted from clinical archives instead of prospectively collected standardized neurodevelopmental tests.
El Salvador amended its investment law last year, so that companies with complaints have to go through local courts instead of international arbitration courts, though this does not apply retrospectively and has no impact on the current case.
Explanations for these varying results may be that we did not specifically ask only about future-related positive imagery and asked the participants retrospectively about the vividness of their idiosyncratic positive images instead of having them generate standardized positive scenarios.
Instead of letting the banks fail, the state gave them billions of public money, thus retrospectively subsidising their Bollinger lifestyles.
Without specific hypotheses there is a risk of bias, because retrospectively it is tempting to generate alternative explanations for low correlations instead of concluding that the questionnaire may not be valid.
