Control efficacy was defined as 1 – (no. III/IV instars remaining divided by pre-intervention survey numbers) × 100.
All instars up to the last (fifth) instar remain in the closed gall (Fig. 1).
While the median dispersal instar remained unchanged for species at different locations or years, this was not the case for the proportion of nests containing multiple adult females.
These third instar larvae remained very small and the main tracheal trunks, which stretch dorsally along the full length of the body, had a convoluted trajectory due to the failure of the larvae to extend to full size (Fig. 5D F).
Instead there were problems in shedding the old cuticle and often the 1st instar cuticle remained attached.
Before treatment, the potted plants of H. rosasinensis were checked to ensure that approximately 100 sec instar nymphs remained on each leaf.
Crystal cells and plasmatocytes are also produced in the lymph gland during second and third larval instars, but these hemocytes remain sequestered in the hematopoietic organs and not contributed to circulation until metamorphosis.
These Utx Δ mat- zyg- animals develop to the larval stages; 85% die before reaching the third larval instar and the remaining larvae die during the third larval instar, with only a very small fraction (0.6%) developing to form white prepupae, which then also die (Fig. 1C).
Alpha'/beta' neurons are generally born during the late third instar, and their axons (alpha'/beta' lobes) remain intact during metamorphosis [ 25].
Our previous studies showed that the ecdysteriod titers remain low throughout the final instar larval stage except for small increases at 60, 78 and 90 h after ecdysis into the final instar larval stage [ 67].
