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Here we show that larvae of populations that have evolved a larger threshold body size (1) have to accumulate greater mass to become competent to express the horned morph, (2) require more time to complete the final instar, (3) are less sensitive to the juvenile hormone (JH) analogue methoprene, and (4) exhibit a delay in the sensitive period for methoprene relative to other developmental events.
Of the 60 C. pipiens larvae (2 trials, 30 larvae per experiment), 12 were found infected at the end of both experiments (instar 3 or instar 4).
Instar 3 C. pipiens larvae were collected and placed in 6-well plates (1 plate per experiment; Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) containing 5 mL of water and fed every other day with fish food flakes (TetraMin, Lancaster, PA, USA) until the end of the experiment.
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Higher humidity in air or soil directly brings about higher survival rates of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th instar larvae10.
There was no significant difference in the level of MpNav gene expression in the 3rd instar, 4th instar, and adult aphids.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Midgut ultrastructure of Bacillus sphaericus-treated Culex pipiens third larval instar 6 h post-treatment showing a and b V: vacuoles.
Specimens of P. fimbriata become mature at instar 7, 8 or 9.
There was a positive association between critical photoperiod and frequency of the northern allele in WsPpdrg1 for both third instar (χ2 = 9.38, d.f. = 1, P = 0.002) and fourth instar (χ2 = 10.30, d.f. = 1, P = 0.001) diapausing larvae (Table S2).
For these experiments we analyzed NMJs organization from 38 hrs first instar larvae (L1), 62 hrs second instar (L2), to matured 110 hrs third instar larvae (L3), using two different TBPH mutant alleles.
importin-α3 mutants were not examined because they die at the first larval instar [16].
Deep-sequencing the two different phases of the 4th instar locust generated 158 million reads for the solitary 4th instar (S4) and 218 million reads for the gregarious 4th instar (G4).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com