Furthermore, all three approaches predict the exact same changes in all of the relevant variables and, because these changes occur nearly instantaneously, determining which variable is causal is extremely difficult.
The leader can change his/her level of corruption instantaneously; it is a control variable, u.
Kalman filter is an outstanding method to compute state variables recursively and instantaneously.
In the reduced model, however, fast variables are assumed to equilibrate instantaneously.
We assume in this work that the control variables u may be modified instantaneously between two values in the range u∈[0,1].
As the system is treated as a discrete jump Markov process, each event occurs instantaneously and the value of associated state variables change discontinuously at the time of the event.
Speech is a highly complex and variable acoustic signal, and our ability to instantaneously break that signal down into individual phonemes and then build those segments back up into words, sentences and meaning is a remarkable capability.
A variable-stiffness isolation system, whose isolation stiffness can be altered instantaneously in response to the seismic load, is able to provide better seismic protection for vibration-sensitive equipment or facilities than a conventional isolation system with a fixed stiffness.
Since the average error rate performance of a point-to-point MIMO system is governed by the performance of the instantaneously "worst" symbols we propose to select the allocation pattern that derives the decision variable distribution with the most reliable worst symbol.
Even though wind energy is variable, it varies slowly -- unlike conventional power plants, which can fail instantaneously -- and can be a critical component in times of need.
While characterizations of the ACC have tended to depict these fronts as continuous circumpolar features, it is nonetheless well established that they are strongly spatially and temporally variable and that they split and merge frequently, with sometimes many more than three frontal features being instantaneously detectable (e.g. Sokolov and Rintoul 2009).
