However, it is clear that the magnitude of expression changes differs in some instances; for example, reduction in ADH1B occurs by a factor of 40-fold in UCa and 70-fold in SCCa.
The framework of presheaves leads naturally to a configuration language that expresses structuring from instances of specifications, and also incorporates a new notion of instance reduction to extract the component instances from a particular configuration.
For instance, reduction of the pentavalent arsenate [As V)] ion to its trivalent arsenite [As III)] counterpart by the arsenate reductase ArsC enables the detoxification and efflux of As III) through the membrane pump protein ArsB (Cai et al. 1998; Carlin et al. 1995).
For instance, reduction of BRCA1 expression results in increased sensitivity to the DNA damaging agents [48], whereas overexpression of BRCA1 increases resistance to the DNA damaging agents [49].
Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reveal evidence for brain abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), for instance, reduction of gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex.
For instance, reduction in BMAL1 protein expression and attenuation of its circadian rhythm in aged articular cartilage could lead to increased cell senescence.
For instance, reduction of cellular PI3P levels by overexpression of PI3P phosphatase MTMR3 results in decreased size of autophagosomes suggesting a role for PI3P in autophagosome maturation (Taguchi-Atarashi et al, 2010).
For instance, reduction in complement resistance through blockade of mCRPs has been shown to enhance the efficacy of mAb immunotherapy, which requires effective ADCC and complement-dependent cytotoxicity 93– 93.
For instance, reduction in temperature fluctuation intensity hastens berry ripening and alters flavonoid partitioning [ 14] and high temperatures applied during night-times are also able to reduce anthocyanin accumulation [ 15].
For instance, reductions in employer social security contributions financed by higher consumption taxes (as in a fiscal devaluation case) can raise labor demand by lowering (non-wage) labor costs (De Mooij and Keen 2013).
