This response is activated by the presence of so called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are sensed by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), for instance the Toll-like receptor (TLR) [ 7].
The approach makes use of so called component types.
As such it is an anthropomorphic instance of the so called design (functionality) stance, contra the physical stance, towards systems.
For instance, the so called connected genes, which are often dosage-sensitive, are duplicated through polyploidy [ 18, 54].
For instance, the so called Nanofountain probe (NFP) [ 21] is a new promising technique based on Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN).
Increasing demands for environmental protection and severe anti-pollution regulations have led to an extended market for sealless pumps, for instance so called canned-motor pumps.
This was the simple but powerful insight of one of this year's laureates, George Akerlof, now a professor at Berkeley, in a seminal 1970 paper.Theories that deal with similar instances of so-called "asymmetric" information when one party to a deal knows more than the other link all three of this year's winners.
Some philosophers have objected to the condition of artifactuality, using instances of so-called "driftwood art" or "found objects" (found art) as counterexamples.
They argue that we can extend a Theory A (which follows the two-level assumption) by a meta-Theory B. Whereas Theory A describes domain entities (particulars) that instantiate universals (classes), B takes A's universals as instances of so-called meta-properties.
Action on Smoking and Health, for instance, says a third of vapers – so called because they exhale vapour, not smoke – are ex-smokers, while two-thirds use tobacco and e-cigarettes.
* tests based on so called "milestones of development" [ 36- 38].
