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Of the 202 chimpanzee samples from the study site yielding usable genotypes, there were 13 instances of samples collected at the same location and on the same day as the other samples representing the same individuals; these cases were collapsed into single captures.
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It is not helpful when clear instances of sample confusion or contamination – discovered through a posteriori analysis – get subsequently defended as "real" somatic effects by unconvincing arguments.
For genetic markers, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which are free of natural recombination, single instances of sample mix-up involving different branches of the mtDNA phylogeny would give rise to reticulate patterns and should therefore be detectable.
In addition, we detected no instances of sample switching due to aberrant barcode identification.
Despite the precautions for avoiding contamination, we detected an instance of sample mix-up that could have led to an erroneous interpretation of multiple instabilities (see above).
Of 1,105 test samples, we identified 84 instances of simultaneous sampling of arterial and venous blood, where both Na+ and K+ levels were measured using a pHOx Stat Profile Plus L blood gas analyzer (Nova Biomedical, Waltham MA, USA) and a Roche Modular P autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).
There were always significant differences between the three instances of blood sampling (Helmert transformation, all P<0.0001).
To evaluate the effect of prophylactic treatment, the Barnard exact test was used because this test is more powerful than the Fisher exact test for instances of smaller sample sizes (20 ).
Each row in the file represents an instance (individual) of Sample in which an instance of the Mutation class is observed.
The bone samples could be easily embedded in acrylic resin and in all instances the size of samples allowed the preparation of non-decalcified histology sections for ground and thin sections.
In addition, there was no instance of nonamplifying samples in repeated trials in any of the primers in T. tambroides.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com