The vast majority of examples of repeated adaptive evolution were morphological (53 %), with instances of repeated adaptation less frequently reported for behavior (22 %) or physiology (18 %), and rarely for life history (7 %; Fig. 1b).
One of the most elegant instances of repeated uses of the word is from the small screen: a celebrated five-minute scene from the first series of HBO's crime drama The Wire, in which Baltimore detectives Jimmy McNulty and Bunk Moreland dissect a crime scene with no dialogue besides a series of 40 highly expressive "f****": a remarkable 8fpm.
First, for each strategy A, B, C, we compute the best case and worst-case execution time of k instances of repeated consensus, based on two parameters α and β: The parameter α is the one used in Algorithm 5.
These instances of repeated detection are attributable to shifts in retention time, peak tailing, multiple charges, and modifications (e.g., de-amidation and methionine oxidation).
Antisense specific TE arrays have special utility to reveal transcription initiated from internal TE antisense promoters as well as instances of repeat-containing transcripts generated by 'read-through' transcription with TE 'exonization', which can happen in either direction along the length of a repeat unit.
In most cases, this reflects retention of an ancestral association; however, some instances of repeated evolution of physical linkage between pairs or groups of genes have been described.
The distribution of these distances were then plotted to provide an estimate on where instances of repeated evolution should be concentrated if the evolution of similar adaptations in different taxa were unrelated to the length of time separating taxa.
However, he argued that this almost certainly reflected the increasing difficulty in distinguishing unique from repeated evolution over vast stretches of geological time (e.g., gaps in the fossil record will increasingly present instances of repeated evolution as unique or entirely absent the further back in time those adaptations evolved).
Nevertheless, to confirm our findings were consistent, we conducted a separate set of analyses on instances of repeated evolution in fish, which were the largest taxonomic group represented in our data set (Fig. 1a) and were broadly similar in their generation times.
