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To avoid bias due to the different data sizes in the two classes, we randomly chose 100 instances of mutation data from each of the LoF and GoF data sets, after which the random selections were iterated 50 times, so 50 equal size data sets were made.
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This is precisely what happens in the instance of mutations in the TERC gene.
By only including mutations present in both ab and ac, we decreased the instance of mutations reported due to mapping or sequencing errors, assuming that the same errors would not be present in both libraries.
(ii) The interested emerging substrings contain true motifs, the instances of both mutation and random disturbance, how to reduce the influence of the unreal instances.
Virtually all chromosomes carrying the A111T allele share a single 78-kb haplotype that we call C11, indicating that all instances of this mutation in human populations share a common origin.
Even with a conservative estimate of the allele frequency of CACNA1H M1549V of 0.00001 in the general population ('conservative' because it has never been seen among >129,000 alleles in subjects not selected for early PA), the probability of finding three additional instances of this mutation in 38 unrelated subjects is ∼8.4 × 10−12.
Instances of sporadic mutations arising de novo have been recorded [1].
In some instances, the match of mutation, adaptive trait and selective pressure are transparent, as for example with resistance to specific drugs (Shah et al. 2002; Balak et al. 2006) or with immune-editing and immune pressure (Dunn et al. 2002; Vago et al. 2009).
Each row in the file represents an instance (individual) of Sample in which an instance of the Mutation class is observed.
For instance, typical rates of mutation, including in salmonids, are too low to generate large fitness effects over such short time-periods.
In the latter two cases, establishing seeming correlation of some macro-haplogroup or some mutation defining such a macro-haplogroup could be irrelevant without considering all haplogroups that are defined by recurrent instances of the suspect mutation and without narrowing the scope to the most basal haplogroups within the suspect macro-haplogroup.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com