The minimum value corresponds to the first instance of divergence within the clade sharing the apomorphic (fused) arrangement of the sex chromosomes, which corresponds to the divergence of D. nigromelanica.
The first instance of divergence occurred in 2004, corresponding to the use of Re-1 vaccine; the second in 2006 with Re-4; and the third in 2008 with Re-5.
In addition to these instances of deep divergence, there are two pairs of species which show <2% sequence divergence.
In summary, the diverse divergence rates observed, (despite the time of separation being constant), the instances of contrary divergence patterns in CDS and NCS, as well as significantly asymmetric change or adaptive substitutions among many paralogous pairs, all suggest that the duplication event had equally diverse functional consequences.
Further instances of low divergence between species will undoubtedly be revealed as taxonomic coverage builds for Argentina, but there is no evidence that young species radiations are any more common in this region than in North America.
Also, these instances of recent divergence could be used to argue diversification in the CA Heroine radiation has not slowed since the Heroine invasion of Central America.
The smallest number of outliers was found in the 'West' 'East' comparison, but the outliers here were in different LGs, thus likely representing independent instances of genomic divergence.
This approach holds promise in being able to take advantage of genome-wide scans of molecular markers across large geographic scales to detect genomic regions under selection and identifying likely instances of adaptive divergence across species' ranges.
Although instances of phenotypic divergence and underlying expression variation were reported in the past, it was the advent of reliable microarray technology that enabled biologists to study expression variation at a whole-genome level and link it to phenotypic variation.
