In the latter instance, the benefits of waiting are offset by the risks of significantly prolonging invasive ventilation.
In that instance, the benefits of the emerging field of biotechnology were not communicated effectively before the introduction of the technology.
For instance, the benefits of echocardiography during insertion of ECMO and during maintenance of VV ECMO support and weaning need to be better defined.
For instance, the benefits of treatment in patients suffering from end-stage osteoarthritis are considerably larger for THR and TKR compared with rehabilitational interventions.
However, in some instances, the benefit of early detection might supersede an occasional false-positive report.
In some instances, the benefits of MIMO and spatial beamforming would also not be captured (e.g., those schemes often involve dynamic feedback of the spatial channel and subsequent adaptation of antenna weights in accordance), as those too are dependent on the short-term channel realization.
In other instances, the benefits of the increased investment in science are threatened by administrative structures or traditions that fail to allow sufficient autonomy at the individual investigator level to foster creativity.
In some instances, the benefits of ICT or other quality enhancing practices contribute to lower costs of care, better patient outcomes, and higher patient satisfaction but cause health care organizations to lose disproportionate revenue because they reduce office visits.
From a practical point of view, if propensity scores have usually been applied to large observational cohorts [ 11- 13], they have been also used in the setting of small samples [ 14, 15] or with important imbalances in the treatment allocation, as observed, for instance, when estimating the benefit of intensive care unit (ICU) admission [ 16].
