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For instance, selection bias, different matching criteria may play a role.
For instance, selection bias and diagnostic uncertainty in this heterogeneous condition may result in patients with varying degrees of baseline disease, and therefore varying degrees of sensitivity to treatment, being inappropriately enrolled into the same trial.
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Secondly, instances of selection bias occurred during data collection, the effects of which are considered further below.
For instance, selection and recall bias may exist.
As a consequence, in case of MNAR data, the data suffer from sample selection bias: for instance, patients having the highest levels on the latent trait primarily remained in the study and, under some circumstances, the easiest items were more often answered to.
Possible other explanations for the difference in recurrences rates between the different studies are heterogeneity of data collection and selection bias, for instance excluding women with a stage 4 uterine descent.
Although the supervised chemogenomic models can deal with a number of targets simultaneously, they are also prone to the same model construction and evaluation challenges considered here, including model over-fitting because of issues related to, for instance, large feature space and selection bias.
For instance, taking into consideration the selection bias (volunteers) and on the basis of half of the participants being over 45 years of age, 18,000 to 20,000 new cases of cancers, 25,000 to 30,000 new cases of cardiovascular diseases and around 20,000 deaths during the 10 years of follow-up would be expected.
The changes in the surveillance programme design in 2006 could have resulted in selection bias, for instance, since the number of tests increased in the second half of the year, the age distribution of animals tested in 2006 could be different compared to other years.
Moreover, the most important threat in existing studies is the threat of selection bias; for instance, there is an apparent need to stimulate more research and improve methodological quality, as well as the quality of reporting the trials in leprosy ulcer treatment [ 30].
However, due to a potential selection bias of for instance more healthy and motivated patients in clinical trials, it is difficult to evaluate exactly how typical the participants in each of the clinical trials may have been compared with the general population of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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