Interestingly, we observed recurrent instances of repeat array expansion and/or regression between various taxa of the same clade throughout the eukaryotic tree of life.
Next, RNA-seq reads mapping to multiple locations were mapped to repetitive element pseudo-genomes that represent all RepeatMasker annotated genomic instances of repeat sub-families in a manner similar to Day et. al [ 64].
The repeats have lengths of up to 4,381 bp, and 49 of the 144 repeats are inverted repeats for which the second instance of the repeat occurs on the reverse strand.
The vast majority of examples of repeated adaptive evolution were morphological (53 %), with instances of repeated adaptation less frequently reported for behavior (22 %) or physiology (18 %), and rarely for life history (7 %; Fig. 1b).
One of the most elegant instances of repeated uses of the word is from the small screen: a celebrated five-minute scene from the first series of HBO's crime drama The Wire, in which Baltimore detectives Jimmy McNulty and Bunk Moreland dissect a crime scene with no dialogue besides a series of 40 highly expressive "f****": a remarkable 8fpm.
First, for each strategy A, B, C, we compute the best case and worst-case execution time of k instances of repeated consensus, based on two parameters α and β: The parameter α is the one used in Algorithm 5.
These instances of repeated detection are attributable to shifts in retention time, peak tailing, multiple charges, and modifications (e.g., de-amidation and methionine oxidation).
In most cases, this reflects retention of an ancestral association; however, some instances of repeated evolution of physical linkage between pairs or groups of genes have been described.
The distribution of these distances were then plotted to provide an estimate on where instances of repeated evolution should be concentrated if the evolution of similar adaptations in different taxa were unrelated to the length of time separating taxa.
However, he argued that this almost certainly reflected the increasing difficulty in distinguishing unique from repeated evolution over vast stretches of geological time (e.g., gaps in the fossil record will increasingly present instances of repeated evolution as unique or entirely absent the further back in time those adaptations evolved).
