Monostable switches may be realized in different ways, for instance through co-operative effects of regulating enzymes and combination of stage-wise effects such as in MAP Kinase cascades.
The randomised placebo controlled trial is the gold standard for the evaluation of specific efficacy, for instance of newly regulated drugs.
Recent results have also highlighted specific functional roles for O-glycans; for instance, in regulating the secretion of the phosphatemia regulator FGF23 (Kato et al., 2006) and in processing of the angiopoietin-like factor ANGPTL2 (Schjoldager et al., 2010).
For instance, insulin regulates growth of essentially all tissues during the larval stage but its effect in adults is largely restricted to metabolic homeostasis, resistance to stress, fecundity and lifespan (Broughton et al., 2005; Grönke et al., 2010).
These processes are likely to require dynamic control of L1-mediated cell adhesion, for instance by internalization of L1, regulating the availability of L1 on the cell surface.
Each workflow instance stage regulates the amount of data that is injected into the shared resources, allowing for bursts of data to be injected while at the same time providing isolation of workflow streams.
For instance, palmitoylation regulates localization and signalling activity of Ras isoforms, and hence diverse signalling pathways [9].
For instance, Lok regulates the migration and polarization of T cells [ 42], whereas Slk controls the turnover of focal adhesion in fibroblasts through phosphorylation of paxillin [ 43].
For instance, H4K16ac regulates the higher-order chromatin packaging, and knockdown of Hdacs1,2 increases H4K16ac in U2OS cells [ 27, 39].
For instance, CTGF regulates connective tissue fibroblasts [41] and vascular smooth muscle cells [42] through a modulation of TGFβ-1 actions.
