Rather than pointing to specific instances of price-fixing, price-gauging, or exclusionary contracts — the sort of evidence often presented in such cases — the government would have had to rely on the vaguer argument that Google's actions were stifling competition and innovation, which would eventually hurt consumers.
Mr. Obama's order that the F.D.A. report to the Justice Department possible instances of price gouging or collusion is largely directed at the shadowy and fading world of small wholesalers that buy drugs from one set of users and in times of shortage sell them at huge markups to another.
The team found that many instances of price manipulation happened simply because the market was very thin for various cryptocurrencies including early Bitcoin.
The company also has plans to address other instances of price gauging by Big Pharma through the introduction of affordable generics.
Despite the challenges, members of the New York's tech community built maps tracking instances of price gouging, helped small businesses with websites and data recovery, and participated in several "hackathons" to build apps, platforms and tools to help with hurricane recovery.
This is not CVS Caremark's first instance of incorrect pricing.
Economic advisers to President Bush have been critical, for instance, of predatory pricing cases.
H.H. Price, for example, says that "When I say 'this table appears brown to me' it is quite plain that I am acquainted with an actual instance of brownness" (Price 1932: 63).
In the environment of 10th- and 11th-century Iraq, an instance of rising food prices or official maltreatment could easily spark riots of varying size, duration, and intensity.
Then Eliot Spitzer, the New York State attorney general, filed a lawsuit against the giant insurance broker Marsh & McLennan, describing instances of bribery, price-fixing, and all-around corruption.
There were almost no instances of such "price gouging," with 86% of all purchases within $0.08 of the SRP for the dose and the highest price paid still 81% below typical ACT prices in Tanzanian shops.
