Mr. Elliot intersperses his account with rich tidbits from Afghanistan's ancient and tumultuous history, decorating his book with colorful figures from Alexander the Great to Abdul Haq, "the mujahedin commander," who, he writes, is "famous for his daring raids against Soviet installations and infrastructure around Kabul, a man wounded in action, it was said, 20 times".
Avantel, a joint venture between Washington, D.C.-based MCI Communications Corp. and Mexico City-based Grupo Financiero Banamex-Accival, invested $850 million in 1996, part of which went into installations and infrastructure to help make Mexico City fully digital.
A total of 12,070 landmines were planted by the Nepal Army in 53 locations throughout the country during the decade-long armed conflict, to protect military installations and infrastructure such as communications and hydropower stations.
Financing, installation and other infrastructure costs account for the rest.
In some instances, monetary values have been estimated, for example, by calculating avoided or replacement costs using the difference in cost between traditional gray infrastructure installations and green infrastructure installations (Nowak and Dwyer 2007; U.S. EPA 2013).
Those objects are usually regarded as military installations, soldiers, and infrastructure directly involved in the war effort, such as arms factories.
Besides the new missile deployment, Washington is also helping Saudi Arabia to create a 30,000-strong force to protect oil installations and other infrastructure, as well as expanded joint exercises between the US and military forces in the region.
However, the small size and dispersed nature of these communities present significant challenges to the installation and maintenance of infrastructure, and there is a lack of empirical data on feasibility, cost and effectiveness.
The project was implemented through a number of key stages: stakeholder consultation; design and construction; installation of telehealth systems and infrastructure; service planning and development of protocols; service coordination; and evaluation.
But, the installation and maintenance of an infrastructure for parallel computing with a large number of processors, such as a Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) system, is neither cost effective nor energy efficient.
