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Standardized guidelines and reporting tools for visual inspection, screening tests, verification testing, compendial testing, and reporting of results are used by all countries reporting to the database.
Assuming high screening volumes, it was found that the cost-effectiveness of primary careHPV screening compares favourably to that for visual inspection screening methodologies [ 5].
This modelled analysis suggests that primary careHPV screening compares favourably to visual inspection screening methodologies in rural China, particularly if used as part of a regular screening program.
Colposcopy may have relatively low sensitivity compared to HPV DNA screening, but it has been found that colposcopy was more sensitive than visual inspection screening in rural China [ 27, 33].
As expected, we found that the costs of visual inspection screening tests are lower than those related to careHPV screening, because a large proportion (up to 40%) of the aggregated test cost is directly related to labour.
The aggregated costs of visual inspection screening and HPV screening from other less developed countries (including India, Kenya, Peru, South Africa and Thailand) have previously been estimated using various costing methods such as quantity-and-price approaches.
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Other studies (Tang [1991]; Tang and Tang [1994]) further investigated screening inspection for multiple performance variables in a serial production process.
Although socioeconomic status may be an important determinant of the ability to pay for preventive services, one study found that women with higher income levels were less likely to participate in the visual inspection- based screening [ 20].
With the introduction of sophisticated airport inspections, bomb-screening of checked bags, security stops at building entrances, better passport controls, "smart borders" with improved computers and identity scanners, and hundreds of radiation and bioweapon detectors installed in urban areas, security has significantly improved in just three years.
Cost-effectiveness analyses, therefore, are needed to fully represent the full picture of the relative benefits and costs of visual inspection based screening compared to HPV-based screening [ 5].
In real-world situations, specifications are implemented to screen out nonconforming products as a part of screening inspections, which result in a truncated distribution for conforming products.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com