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When they sequenced the gene for hemagglutinin, they found an insertion next to a crucial spot where cellular enzymes of the host help break apart the virus's protein coat, allowing the virus to infect cells.
Conservation of polysaccharide-binding amino acid residues was stricter in subgroup A. Subgroup A sequences included a conserved 8 9 amino acid insertion in a polysaccharide-binding groove whereas subgroup B contained a 12 18 amino acid insertion next to the binding groove.
Transposon Tn7 has been shown to exhibit polarity with respect to insertion next to psoralen cross-linked triplex forming oligonucleotide structures [27], [28].
Interestingly, the nonproteolytic mutant N311 contains the linker insertion next to point mutations Y313F and N316K, which we identified previously in all proteolytically inactive samples of EspPβ and EspPδ [16].
Mirco Nbs1-rdg2a has a 436 bp insertion next to a putative TATA-box element, and a 854 bp insertion in the 5' UTR with terminal inverted direct repeats of 138 bp.
In Drosophila, it is expressed primarily in the nervous system, and a P-element insertion next to the gene perturbs development of the peripheral nervous system [ 46, 47].
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In particular base insertions next to identical bases (so called Group II bulges [ 24]) result in systematically increased binding affinities – in comparison to insertions of non-identical bases (Group I bulges).
Interestingly, systematically increased hybridization signals (with respect to the averaged hybridization signal level from other defect types at the same position) have also been observed for certain Group I bulges: For G-insertions next to a T (e.g. in Fig. 5 at base position 15) we frequently find increased binding affinities similar to that of Group II bulges.
Although ICE insertions do not result in apparent gene disruption, the targeted regions seem to be prone to instability: the copy -I is located next to a conserved insertion sequence (IS) present as a pseudogene in both strains but showing some sequence divergence; the copy -III is also in the vicinity of an IS present only in strain 5632 and which is inserted next to a conserved tRNA gene.
The insertion was located next to the single Phe-tRNA, an insertion target producing high variability in all the known strains of A. macleodii, including those of the surface clade (López-Pérez et al. 2012).
If a syntenic region could only be found on one side of the plectroviral genes, the viral insertion was mapped next to the ortholog nearest to the plectroviral genes.
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