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In the current work, we found that the transgenic plants with the expression vector incorporated with nine genes were all infertile (data not shown), indicating that the variation of infertility in all the transgenic lines could not have resulted from the insertion effect or the function of inserted genes (Filipecki and Malepszy 2006).
Due to its narrow profile, the burdock hook has a further function, namely an insertion effect.
Insertion effect is common phenomenon after deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson disease or neuropathic pain patients [ 62, 63].
The integration site could affect a transgenic plant in two ways: with regard to the functioning of the surrounding DNA sequences (insertion effect) and with regard to the expression of the transgene (position effect).
In one homozygous ir TOC1-162 line, screened on the basis of antibiotic resistance, but in which the TOC1 gene expression was not silenced, presumably due to methylation of the ir part of the T-DNA or an unknown insertion effect, displayed a WT flowering pattern.
The insertion effect can be of a mutagenic nature and could result in null, loss of function, gain of function or other possible phenotypes, depending on the specific DNA region that is randomly targeted by the insertion and the regulatory elements within the foreign DNA (T-DNA in the case of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation).
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All these methods are characterized by high accuracies and dynamic responses, but they are intended to be inserted within the pipe under investigation, bringing to well-known insertion effects, compromising the reliability of the measurements performed.
What about insertion effects?
In the original version, subsequent cell lines were only analyzed by FISH, demonstrating the insertion effects on transcription dynamics.
These tools will enable more sophisticated genetic studies in G. sulfurreducens without polar insertion effects or need for multiple antibiotics.
Under the population size expansion hypothesis, the types of insertions to respond first would be those with the highest average deleterious effects, thus implying diminishing average insertion effects from RP pseudogenes to LTR retrotransposons to numts.
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