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Furthermore, it is well known that Cryptosporidium infection induces cytoskeletal changes that modulate a localized actin reorganization and channel and transporter insertion, and it is likely that the signaling events that are initiated at the interface between host and pathogens induce whole-cell and, perhaps, tissue-level changes in the cytoskeletal architecture.
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The rabbit tibias have been used to determine longitudinal changes in the resonance frequency and measured for over 168 days from the time of implant insertion, and it was observed that resonance frequency values increased over time [38].
An FGF family member, FGF-3, was found at another site of MMTV insertion, and it was soon recognized that many tumours contain proviruses at both Wnt-1 and FGF-3.
While not directly comparable, a previous study using the same methodology resulted in significantly higher pain scores for both 31-G 6-mm and 30-G 8-mm needles insertion, and it was our experience that the 32-G 5-mm needles were somewhat less painful (1).
In the cell lines, however, loss of the docking-site marker and appearance of a marker from the targeting plasmid is not sufficient to give useful enrichment for correct insertions, and it is necessary to include a counterselection, such as GCV, against cells with illegitimate insertions.
This bias is due to more frequent or larger small deletions compared to small insertions and it is usually detected because it leads to an erosion of non-coding sequences (Ophir and Graur 1997; Mira et al. 2001; Kuo and Ochman 2009; Leushkin et al. 2013).
Any of these factors could contribute to enhanced detection of specific insertion sites, and it is likely that each of them does to some extent.
To explain these observations in teleost fish, it was originally proposed that TE accumulation was prevented by a high rate of turnover (Furano et al. 2004) in which the insertion of new elements is offset by the selective loss of insertions, and it was hypothesized that many TEs would exist in populations at low frequencies.
Majority of mutations in CDS are point mutations (base substitution, single base insertions, and deletions) and it is difficult to dissect the route of their formation.
For example, we considered only unique insertions in our analysis and it is possible that other TE insertions also produce de novo piRNAs.
The etiology of noncentral cord insertion is not clear and it is probably influenced by many factors.
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