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Added sugars insert "empty calories" into a food or beverage because they aren't associated with any other nutrients.
Market participants could even insert empty "phantom transactions" into the GSL blockchain to further obscure their activities.
The different retroviral packaging cells expressed retrovirus encoding either a validated dominant-negative (DN) mutant of calpain-I [8], wild type (WT) calpain-I [8], or no insert (empty vector).
Eight µg of plasmid DNA, containing either no insert (empty vector), wild-type c-CBL, S80N/H94Y c-CBL, Q249E c-CBL or W802* CBL was used for transfection in a 6-well culture plate.
PT67 retroviral packaging cells (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA), which express the 10A1 viral envelope for production of amphotropic virus, were transfected with pLNCX2 vector containing DN calpain-I, WT calpain-I, or vector without insert (empty vector).
(A ) WT, Gal-YAE1 and Gal-LTO1 cells were transformed with 2µ vectors containing either no insert (empty) or genes encoding human YAE1D1 and/or ORAOV1 as indicated.
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A modified wild-type strain, PAO1::tn7TLand and mutant strain, Δ::tn7TLAC, with an inserted empty mini-Tn7T-LAC cassette were used as controls (see Material and Methods).
The average insert sizes of the libraries ranged from 150 175 kb, and the proportion of the insert-empty clones was <5%.
A random sample of the clones arrayed in the 384-well microtiter plates was analyzed [ 38] to estimate the insert sizes of the library clones and the percentage of clones having no inserts (insert-empty clones).
Therefore, when the insert-empty clones and the chloroplast DNA-derived clones were excluded, approximately 95.8% (73,575) of the library clones contained inserts derived from cotton nuclear DNA.
To determine the insert sizes of the clones and the portion of insert-empty clones in the library, we selected a random sample of 122 clones from the library, isolated DNA from the clones, digested with Not I (Invitrogen) and analyzed on pulsed-field gels.
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