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It is also one of the most expensive inputs in crop production.
The machinery fuels and agro-chemicals derived from fossil fuels (including fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides) are the major sources of high energy inputs in crop production systems.
A pro-active approach, in which the production system is designed to avoid the outbreak of pests, minimizes the use of inputs in crop production by reducing the need for intervention treatments.
h (c,t), m (m,t), d (d,t), f (c,t), p (c,t), s (c,t), and w (c,t) are human labor (h/ha), machinery (h/ha), diesel fuel (L/ha), electricity (kWh/ha), fertilizer (kg/ha), pesticides (kg/ha), seeds (kg/ha), irrigated water (m3/ha) inputs in crop c production at time t.
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This option reduces the use of inputs in cropping systems, in particular irrigation-water withdrawals, by up to 50% without decreasing socioeconomic performance.
Combining sustainability with intensification is not a contradiction and is, in fact, essential; sustainability requires the efficient use of all inputs in cropping, and husbandry of the soil and agricultural biodiversity needed to continue to raise productivity.
Where, WFENI composite indicators for Water-Energy consumption (the energy of human labor, machinery, diesel oil, fertilizer, pesticides, and irrigated water inputs in the crop's production system were considered), water energy mass productivity, and water energy economic productivity.
Equation 6 represents the demand for intermediate input k in crop industry j, and finally, Equation 7 ensures market clearing condition for each crop.
Crop management systems can be modelled either by using a vector representing dates and quantities used as input parameters in crop models or by developing specific decision models linked with biophysical models.
The photosynthetic traits of IL-hairy, with a high WUEp, may be useful for improving drought tolerance and for reducing water inputs in rice cropping.
This experiment aims to evaluate the effects of winter pasture heights and cattle dung input in soybean crop performance in succession.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com