The range of a function, then, is the set of all possible results you can get after inputting one of the domain values, and performing all the operations defined by the function.
In this strongly-coupled regime, the network is loosely balanced: the E/I dynamics lead network input to partially cancel external input, so that the net input grows sublinearly as a function of the external input.
With normalized SOM outputs and no bounded activation function in the output layer, there was no need to scale the inputs and the target output values into the range of a particular activation function, or to scale them at all.
In other words, these prices represent the range of objective function price for a given feed input, at any given time period, for which the optimal mix of feed inputs would not change.
The diversity of these inputs reflects the range of functions (hunger, thirst, nausea, reward, sleep, etc). that influence internal drive levels (central excitatory or inhibitory states) of the SPG.
The input for ESPRESSO is a function table of the desired input output patterns; the result is a table with an approximation of the minimum number of input/output patterns required to perform the function described in the input table.
We denote this constant level X 0. Using Eq. (1) in Eq. (2) with X = X 0 results in a sigmoidal regulation function with an input dynamic range of R = 9. (3) It is at this point that negative auto-regulation has an important effect: instead of a constitutive level of X, negative auto-regulation allows the signal s to modify the concentration of X, an effect termed direct coupling [ 42].
They have inputs and outputs, produce services and wastes, have cash flows and related budgeting issues and incorporate a range of management functions.
The input x k is perturbed by a small number Δ x k = ± 5% of the input range.
Consistent with this view is growing evidence that non-hippocampal inputs to the mammillary bodies, which in turn project to the anterior thalamic nuclei, are critical for a range of spatial functions [78 80,83].
Find the range of your function.
