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For foreign language learners, classroom target language input originates from three main direct or 'unfiltered' output sources; language in materials (particularly when students engage in self-study), language produced by other learners (when they interact with each other in L2) and language produced by the teacher.
This input originates from the interlayer synapses.
This input originates from the lateral connections within each layer.
Instead, inhibitory input originates from the nucleus reticularis thalami (nRT), which contains only GABAergic neurons (Spreafico et al., 1991).
The majority of BPN input originates from output messages of the cerebral cortex, superior colliculus, red nucleus, and other motor centers (Burne et al., 1981; Mihailoff et al., 1989; Panto et al., 1995; Schwarz and Thier, 1999; Leergaard et al., 2000; Leergaard, 2003; Tziridis et al., 2012).
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When using input originating from drawings, the perception of formal double bonds capable of supporting Z/E isomerism (Table 3) relies on atomic coordinates.
Importantly, while NK1-R expression s consistent along the L1 L5 lumbar segments, NK1-R internalization in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to the site of IPLT formalin injection (and other treatments) is maximal in the ipsilateral L4 L5 segments, consistent with the location of terminals from sensory input originating from the ipsilateral hind paw.
Our previous study showed that hearing loss significantly enhanced putative monosynaptic excitatory input originating from the MGv to L2/3 (Kotak et al. 2005).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00400.005 To test the convergence of sensory and pontine pathways, we first identified proprioceptive granule cells, defined as those with at least one input originating from the ECN.
L3 pyramidal neurons, L4 star pyramidal neurons, and L5 slender-tufted and L5 thick-tufted pyramidal neurons can all receive direct thalamic input originating from 2 different thalamic subnuclei.
The coincidence of bottom-up (thalamic) input and dendritic input (originating from both the local circuit as well as from other cortical areas Felleman and Van Essen 1991) in TTCs has been suggested to underlie cognitive associations and perceptual binding of external sensory inputs and internal cortical representations via dendritic nonlinearities (Felleman and Van Essen 1991; Larkum 2012).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com