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N in the CF and C treatments was close to steady-state, i.e., the input of N in organic matter compensated for the loss of N through mineralization.
Use of the CENTURY model indicated that input of N from legumes in the pasture enabled N and C to accumulate in the surface soil.
The N and P addition rates for the four treatments were: 1) 0 g N and P, 2) N: 7.8 g m−2 yr–1 as NO3NH4, 3) P: 10 g m−2 yr−1 as superphosphate, and 4) both N and P. The amount of N added was ∼10x the annual input of N from atmospheric deposition in the region [6].
In fact it has been reported that the ω-gliadins modify their expression in response to S deficiency (increasing their expression with low S) [ 31- 35], and N fertilization (the higher input of N the greater accumulation of ω-gliadins) [ 36- 38].
Through this process, legumes provide a net input of N in agricultural fields and 30 60 % of this added N (i.e. N derived from the atmosphere, Ndfa) is available for subsequent crops if (part of) the organic matter of the legume is incorporated into the soil (Chalk 1998).
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Controlling the input of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from dairies and other livestock operations into the surrounding air- and water-sheds poses both technical and economic challenges to the agricultural community.
At the transmitter of the proposed TH/DS system, the TH-coded symbol sequence of each user is first generated according to the specific TH code (hopping pattern) and becomes as the input of N-ary BPPM modulator which also applies specific DS code to randomize the polarity of the modulated pulses.
The two most important inputs of N, i.e., fertilization and mineralization, were considered in the simulations with 220 and 145.5 kg ha−1 in 2008 and 220 and 147.8 kg ha−1 in 2009, respectively.
Linear regression showed changes in area and yield under rice, wheat and maize to be insignificant during 2000 2012 whereas inputs of N and P fertilizer increased during the same period significantly.
This enigma arises from the computation of mass balances at multiple scales showing that inputs of N to watersheds from fertilizer, atmospheric deposition and human food/sewage are always much greater than outputs of N in stream flow and/or groundwater (Boyer et al. 2002; Howarth et al. 1996; Söderlund & Svensson 1977).
The low NO3 concentrations in calcareous soils were related to relatively low atmospheric inputs of N, since they are mainly generally located along the coast line in the western part of the country (see Fig. 6) with relatively low N deposition (see Fig. 3).
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