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All became highly managed, "domesticated" landscapes that demanded a huge input of labour to build and maintain.
For the first time in decades output per hour fell, reducing the input of labour by the equivalent of 1m people.The German government encouraged this labour-hoarding with its celebrated Kurzarbeit scheme that subsidises shorter working weeks.
It will allow things to be made economically in much smaller numbers, more flexibly and with a much lower input of labour, thanks to new materials, completely new processes such as 3D printing, easy-to-use robots and new collaborative manufacturing services available online.
More recent land reforms have aimed to consolidate holdings to improve productivity: Vietnam's output may be impressive, but it takes far more input of labour than in neighbouring countries (see chart 6 .Scott Robertson, an economist at Dragon Capital, says that time will solve the problem, because the children of today's farmers are getting an education and will find better jobs off the land.
Thus, the utilization of the tools – either in the form of questionnaires within the traditional reporting system or by using software – requires an adequate input of labour.
Fanya juu terraces (Type 3) offer a way of achieving level terraces by limited input of labour over a period of time (Figure 4.2).
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Mr Solow labelled this all-important factor "technical change", a catch-all term for anything that yields more output from the same inputs of labour and capital.
A recent paper* by Barry Bosworth and Susan Collins, of the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, explores the sources of expansion in both countries, breaking down total GDP growth into increases in inputs of labour and capital, and gains in TFP.
Some economists have argued that the East Asian countries' spectacular growth has mainly been a result of massive increases in inputs of labour and investment, rather than gains in efficiency.
It may be possible to substitute inputs of labour for inputs of money or machines, and an example is the semi-circular hoops discussed in Section 5.2.4.
The actual explicit costs of the intervention over 5 weeks were gathered from the Public Health Budget Rationale (2004) for the inputs of labour, auditing services, supplies, facilitator travel, and honoraria that compensated the practices for the time diverted from normal activities.
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