NLP, formed by precipitation using different inputs of carbonate and phosphate, produced X-ray diffraction patterns characteristic of polycrystalline material as shown by the presence of several concentric rings seen irrespective of the conditions used for their preparation (Fig. 6A G).
We used FITEQL to fit strontium sorption data to goethite in the presence of dissolved carbonate to account for the significant carbonate sorption to the goethite surface because FITEQL allows the input of measured carbonate concentrations at each titration point for the speciation calculation.
Therefore overall measurable pedogenic carbonate content is spatially and temporally variable as a function of input of fresh carbonate and locally-controlled soil moisture conditions.
In a general model of the global carbon cycle, the input of carbon to the oceans is balanced by its output via two major pathways, normal marine carbonate precipitation and organic carbon burial (Shackleton and Hall 1984).
The same morphological and visual impressions seen with high levels of input carbonate also correlated with higher Ca∶P ratios, as revealed by EDX analysis, with Ca∶P ratio reaching 2∶1 or higher ratios when NLP were formed with carbonate:phosphate ratios of 8∶1 (data not shown).
The carbon transfer from paper sludge downward to the first humic layer is evidenced by a 13C-enrichnient of up to + 5.6‰ due to the input of 13C-enriched sludge carbonates.
Our results show that the 1755 tsunami deposit of the Boca do Rio estuary is featured by an enhancement in Sr and Ca, which are linked to the input of biogenic and detrital carbonates (shell fragments and limestone clasts) from the beach foreshore and a strong depletion in most terrestrial- and marine-sensitive indicators.
The initial inhibition period varied also as a function of the input levels of calcium, carbonate and phosphate, and inhibition was prolonged for a longer period of time with lower levels of calcium, carbonate and phosphate inoculated.
In temperate forests, the production and release of organic acids by plant roots and microbes (Attiwill and Adams 1993; van Hees et al. 2005) or the proton input by nitrification, oxidation of organic sulfur and acid rain can foster the dissolution of carbonate and CO2 degassing from the soil solution.
