It can be used for both forward-dynamic (inputs: muscle activation and external load; outputs: motions) and inverse-dynamic (inputs: motions and external load; outputs: muscle activation) simulations.
Along these lines, our experiments suggest that NO enhances the excitability of dorsal horn cells receiving input from muscle afferent neurons, while ACH decreases the MPR when its concentration in the dorsal horn is elevated.
Sources of proprioceptive input include muscle spindles (via Ia and II afferents), Golgi tendon organs (via Ib afferents), and articular and cutaneous receptors.
It has also been suggested that the descending anti-nociceptive system has a greater influence on input from muscle nociceptors than skin nociceptors [ 46].
Somatosensory input from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and superficial and deep cutaneous afferents are the primary sensory inputs used for postural orientation in space and for automatic postural response [ 27, 29, 30].
The first column on the left and top row in Tables 2 and 3 represent the linguistic labels for the error and integration error, respectively, of each input parameter (muscle relaxation and BP).
The paper by Ge and colleagues from the Center for Sensory-Motor Interattion Aalborg Universityity, Den-mark provides evidence that peripheral nociceptive input from muscle may be relevant to the contemporary understanding of fibromyalgia (FM) [ 1].
It is generally agreed that afferent input from muscle spindle, encoding information tied to active movement, is in part responsible for a more accurate and precise joint PS in the active testing mode.
Neurons responding to joint movement (but not to cutaneous stimulation) are thought to represent sensory input from muscle spindles, and many neurons in M1 are selective for a single joint.
In subjects with motor control impairment, such as subjects suffering from CMT1A disease, an assessment of postural stabilization ability can allow the evaluation of the effects of sensory input and muscle strength on two different postural conditions, dynamic and static.
