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Under small energy input, charges are transferred continuously as observed in the spectra of conductivity and dielectric.
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The input charge range is 1.8 fC.
The input charge dynamic range extends from <0.4 fC to >10pC and covers more than four orders of magnitude.
This paper describes a low power threshold logic-gate based on a capacitive input, charge recycling differential sense amplifier latch.
The expected input charge ranges between few fC up to 40 fC, the charge sensitivity is 16 mV/fC while the equivalent input noise charge (ENC) is 800 e−+40e−/pFF.
The non-gated QTC with differential inputs was designed to measure the input charge covering a dynamic range of about 30 927 pC.
The fast path includes the fast CR RC shaper with the peaking time tp=40 ns and is optimized to determine the input charge arrival time.
The Medipix2 chip is a pixel detector readout chip consisting of 256×256 identical elements, each working in single photon counting mode for positive or negative input charge signals.
The output pulse has a peak amplitude of 200 mV for a charge of 10 fC from the detector and achieves a linearity better than 1% up to an input charge range of 12 fC.
These are (a) differential input, to profit from the differential signal from the MRPC (b) a fast amplifier with less than 1 ns peaking time and (c) input charge measurement by Time-Over-Threshold for slewing correction.
The readout front-end electronics is equipped with pulsed reset and it is dedicated for input charge measurements in semiconductor detector systems with sensor capacitances of few tens of pF.
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