While all host-virus combinations exhibiting low leaf inoculation frequencies (<50%) exhibited early recovery, this phenotype was frequently associated with a high infection frequency (>50%) in inoculated leaves.
Moderate or high leaf inoculation frequencies (≥50%) were associated with an entire range of resistance and susceptibility phenotypes (category 2 through category 6).
The more likely explanation for resistance evolution is that the higher inoculation frequencies increased the chance of these invading populations containing beneficial resistance mutations.
When monitored after parasite inoculation, the frequency of amastigote-hosting DCs is very low (<1%) in both the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes.
In E. coli inoculation experiments, the frequency of dbl + cells increased as soon as 3 hpi (55.60 ± 0.6%) and remained stable until 26 hpi.
We have systematically examined the impact of Agrobacterium inoculation on the frequency of five types of spontaneous somatic mutations (Table 2) following the infection of two-day old seedlings of the model plant Arabidopsis.
In leaf tissues of PD- resistant plants after Xf inoculation, total usage frequency of Poly(A 2 site was increased 12.38-fold 12.38-fold(n = 3, p = 0.000057) but decreated 2.75-fold at week 6 (n = 3, p = 0.005304) when compared to respective control plants.
Five weeks after initial inoculation, the transformation frequency (the percentage of explants forming roots after infection with A. rhizogenes with respect to total number of infected explants), the number of roots per responding explant, and the root length were determined (Table 1).
Interestingly, however, while previous flow cytometry results have suggested a correlation between the IAV inoculation dose and the frequency of rDC that expressed IAV proteins, we instead observed that a similar frequency (5 7%) of CFSE+ rDC were infected at the 10, 1 and 0.1 LD50 inoculum doses by RT-PCR analysis.
Conflicting results have been found with onabotulinumtoxinA which may be attributed, at least in part, to variability of doses, study protocols, inoculation sites and headache frequency of enrolled patients.
