In terms of major innovations of protein structure, as well as in cell structure and cell biology, the dichotomy between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is immensely more important than that between eubacteria and archaebacteria.
Olsson and Stemme, as pioneers in innovation of pump structure, created the first combined valveless piezoelectric pump with cone-shaped tubes.
This paper reviews the recent innovations of SCS sandwich structures subject to blast, impact, fatigue, and static loads.
The innovation of new structures and functions during these macroevolutionary events has in part been accomplished through expansion in the genetic toolkit, e.g. by gene duplications [ 2].
Following a recent paper by Filippetti and Archibugi [Filippetti, A., Archibugi, D., 2011. Innovation in times of crisis: National systems of innovation, structure and demand.
These include but are not limited to: sequestration; declining small business start-ups and job creation, a sluggish construction industry; lack of break-through innovations; and, the structure of our economic rewards system.
While development, testing, and innovation of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) are common in the international literature, studies from the United States of America (USA), Australia, and the United Kingdom (UK) predominate.
In this sense, open-ended outputs may increase 'porosity' of innovation structures (Pavie et al., 2014) against power asymmetries – while broadening discourses from 'who dominates whom' (Pavie et al., 2014) and from 'cultural expectations for proponents and opponents' (Swierstra & Rip, 2007), also towards more many-sided and proactive roles for producers and adopters.
Kuhn's innovation in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was to suggest that a key element in cognition in science operates in the same fashion.
We demonstrate how concepts of innovation and innovation systems have evolved and how knowledge production, innovation, and structures of organizations are intertwined in co-evolution.
