We then apply these insights to the analysis of the case study's innovation system, to identify systemic weaknesses and discuss policy implications.
A review of the literature on learning, knowledge collaboration and participation shows that niche innovations and systemic innovation typically require so-called '2nd order learning processes', in which tacit knowledge and implicit frames have to be adjusted.
And if the constraints against disruptive innovation are systemic, then an equally systemic process of destruction and renewal is required to combat them.
Such views on innovation as a co-evolutionary process that depends on coordinated systemic interactions among networks of multiple actors are now recognised in the innovation systems literature [ 12– 16, 16].
In recent years, the concept of the innovation system (national innovation system) experienced a serious proliferation and can be interpreted, de facto, as a successful application of systemic concepts.
The paper contributes to research on innovation systems in general and, in particular, to the current debate on rationales for innovation policy by providing a framework to identify systemic problems in a given system of innovation and test the framework empirically.
Instead, they are regulated by individual states, which lack the expertise to properly oversee rapid innovation or systemic risks.
Every innovation involves systemic uncertainty, which is positively correlated to the magnitude of the change introduced into the complex system.
Innovation in systemic chemotherapy is thus urgently needed to improve the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer (Glimelius et al, 1996; Evans et al, 1997).
New innovations in systemic gene transfer raise the prospect of selectively delivering and activating genes encoding easily detectable biomarkers into tumor cells that do not produce known serum biomarkers.
