It can, therefore, be concluded that the homometallic and unique composition of the complexes formed by HpCdMT and HpCuMT with their cognate metal species upon isolation from recombinant cultures reflects the innate metal specificity of the two isoforms, rather than being the result of an occasional association with metal ions governed by their intracellular or environmental availability.
The immune system is briefly described with emphasis on the cells providing innate (cell lacking antigen specificity) and adaptive (cells with antigen specificity) immunity.
The two major layers of defense against M. tb infection include preformed innate immunity that lacks specificity and a highly specific and effective adaptive immunity.
Therefore, it is important to further investigate the role of differential gene expression and serovar specificity in innate immune responses.
It has also been shown that the earthworm innate immune system has both specificity and memory [27].
The low specificity of an innate system faced with myriad targets may constrain evolution of immune genes because enhanced defense against one pathogen may reduce defense against another [23], [62].
In systems lacking the adaptive arm of immunity, the pattern recognition concept serves well to explain the general triggering of the system as well as providing receptors for the limited specificity shown by innate immunity [ 1- 4].
The NB-ARC (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by APAF-1, R proteins, and CED-4) domain is usually associated with Resistance (R) proteins in plants, conferring specificity to the innate immune system [ 48].
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in which the genes encoding the HLA antigens are located, turned out to be a high gene density, high diversity and low recombination genetic system that has evolved to become a master coordinator of individual specificity in both innate and cognate immunity [ 2].
In contrast, a certain level of specificity of the innate immune response can be seen by the recognition of either Gram-positive bacteria mainly by the TLR2/TLR1/TLR6/TLR10 cluster, while Gram-negative bacteria recognition is heavily reliant on the TLR4 pathway [ 48].
