Even though it had weakened to a depression when it moved inland, Cindy's effects were still significant across the final portion of its track.
To address this, the shoreline had been realigned, causing the development of saltmarsh and brackish marsh which was expected to protect the freshwater further inland from tidal effects and allow freshwater habitats to be maintained.
On 26 December the waves reached up to three km inland, but their effect was felt across the whole of the country.
It might also need to consider the effects of inland flooding and blizzards on states beyond the coasts, for example, in West Virginia.
The port economics literature is extensive, but does not address well the economic effects of inland ports development.
Further research is needed to better distinguish the respective effects of inland and coastal cities on these results with, perhaps, additional information such as upstream river city, downstream river city, inland city, coastal city without river, and island.
We observed no statistically significant main effect of inland versus offshore location by two-way analysis of variance (p > 0.5).
This reflects the "hinterland effect" exerted by inland cities upon coastal ports, also denoted the "tunnel effect" (Offner 1993) or "urban shadow" (Fujita and Mori 1996) by which smaller urban settlements economically benefit only partly from the presence of transport infrastructure, which rather serves more distant and larger ones.
Furthermore, if the borehole device housing the gravimeter were adopted as part of a nationwide observation infrastructure, such as Hi-net (Obara et al., 2005), many observation environments would become available without requiring the construction of local hydrological models, thus enabling the correction of the inland-water gravity effect.
