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Older age (a proxy for a longer injecting career) and female sex have been associated with infections and injuries at injecting sites (29, 30 ), which are associated with difficulty accessing veins.
One resolution would be to introduce supervised injecting sites throughout the UK, like the facilities in Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
After a few years of injecting drugs, I hit a wall; all of my previous injecting sites packed in pretty much simultaneously.
From a growing number of European countries setting up safer injecting sites, to countries such as Ghana and Thailand stepping away from previously severe penalties for drug possession, progress is being made to reduce the harm of drugs.
Disappointingly, unlike a growing number of jurisdictions in Europe, and countries across the Atlantic, the strategy ignores the undoubted benefits of safer injecting sites and heroin-assisted therapy for preventing overdoses and the spread of blood borne infections.
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An association between injecting site infections in England has been reported with crack cocaine injection and elsewhere with cocaine injection (2, 3, 7 ).
In situ measurements were performed by conducting field push pull tests, which consisted of injecting site groundwater amended with a bromide tracer and combinations of propane, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, ethylene, propylene, c-DCE, and TCE into existing monitoring wells and sampling the same wells over time.
The questionnaire collected information on self-reported symptoms of injecting site infections, and use of health services in response to these.
They were also not able to separate out the costs related to injecting site infections, and these may not have been fully accounted for in their estimate.
Self-reported symptoms of injecting site infections were used in this study; however, studies have shown good concordance between self-reported symptoms and clinical diagnosis [ 18].
The conservative cost estimate from this study – at least £15.5 19.5 million per annum – indicates that injecting site infections could place a considerable cost burden on the health care system in England.
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